ZnO-mesoporous glass scaffolds loaded with osteostatin and mesenchymal cells improve bone healing in a rabbit bone defect.

The use of 3D scaffolds based on mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) enhanced with therapeutic ions, biomolecules and cells is emerging as a strategy to improve bone healing. In this paper, the osteogenic capability of ZnO-enriched MBG scaffolds loaded or not with osteostatin (OST) and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) was evaluated after implantation in New Zealand rabbits. Cylindrical meso-macroporous scaffolds with composition (mol %) 82.2SiO2-10.3CaO-3.3P2O5-4.2ZnO (4ZN) were obtained by rapid prototyping and then, coated with gelatin for easy handling and potentiating the release of inorganic ions and OST. Bone defects (7.5 mm diameter, 12 mm depth) were drilled in the distal femoral epiphysis and filled with 4ZN, 4ZN + MSC, 4ZN + OST or 4ZN + MSC + OST materials to evaluate and compare their osteogenic features. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3 months extracting the distal third of bone specimens for necropsy, histological, and microtomography (µCT) evaluations. Systems investigated exhibited bone regeneration capability. Thus, trabecular bone volume density (BV/TV) values obtained from µCT showed that the good bone healing capability of 4ZN was significantly improved by the scaffolds coated with OST and MSC. Our findings in vivo suggest the interest of these MBG complete systems to improve bone repair in the clinical practice.

A predictive mechanical model for evaluating vertebral fracture probability in lumbar spine under different osteoporotic drug therapies.

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures represent a major cause of disability, loss of quality of life and even mortality among the elderly population. Decisions on drug therapy are based on the assessment of risk factors for fracture from bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. A previously developed model, based on the Damage and Fracture Mechanics, was applied for the evaluation of the mechanical magnitudes involved in the fracture process from clinical BMD measurements. BMD evolution in untreated patients and in patients with seven different treatments was analyzed from clinical studies in order to compare the variation in the risk of fracture. The predictive model was applied in a finite element simulation of the whole lumbar spine, obtaining detailed maps of damage and fracture probability, identifying high-risk local zones at vertebral body. For every vertebra, strontium ranelate exhibits the highest decrease, whereas minimum decrease is achieved with oral ibandronate. All the treatments manifest similar trends for every vertebra. Conversely, for the natural BMD evolution, as bone stiffness decreases, the mechanical damage and fracture probability show a significant increase (as it occurs in the natural history of BMD). Vertebral walls and external areas of vertebral end plates are the zones at greatest risk, in coincidence with the typical locations of osteoporotic fractures, characterized by a vertebral crushing due to the collapse of vertebral walls. This methodology could be applied for an individual patient, in order to obtain the trends corresponding to different treatments, in identifying at-risk individuals in early stages of osteoporosis and might be helpful for treatment decisions.

Absceso del músculo obturador interno: presentación de 2 casos / Internus obturator muscle abscess: Presentation of 2 cases

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Management of sternoclavicular dislocation in young children: considerations about diagnosis and treatment of four cases.

The records of 4 children of under 14 years of age treated at our institution for traumatic sternoclavicular dislocation (SCJ) were reviewed. Closed reduction in posterior SCJ after computed tomography (CT) was successful as immediate procedure. For anterior SCJ instability, open reduction and SCJ reconstruction obtained satisfactory results. Conservative treatment of SCJ subluxation for asymptomatic children was sufficient. Radiographs in "serendipity view" were useful for confirming reduction and stability in children. No postoperative CT was needed for this purpose. Closed reduction in posterior SCJ dislocation and surgical treatment in anterior SCJ dislocation in young children can provide stability and a satisfactory return to a normal function, but with some limitation when intense or competitive shoulder motion is required during sport. Young children and parents should be aware about this possibility. Conservative treatment of SCJ subluxation for asymptomatic children is useful. Reflection is required regarding the correct imaging examination after treatment to check stable reduction in a SCJ injury.

Fractura por estrés del cuello femoral en una niña con síndrome de Down / Femoral neck stress fractures in a young girl with Down’s syndrome

Las fracturas por estrés son lesiones que suelen estar en relación con ciclos repetidos de carga sobre un hueso normal sometido a un exceso de solicitaciones mecánicas, o bien sobre un hueso con resistencia menor. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 5 años con síndrome de Down que acude a la consulta por dificultad de la marcha y dolor inguinal izquierdo de 3-4 días de evolución. En la anamnesis, destaca la tendencia de la niña a realizar saltos repetidos con apoyo monopodálico sobre la extremidad inferior izquierda. La exploración radiológica reveló la existencia de una fractura por estrés del cuello femoral izquierdo. Tras un tratamiento conservador, la paciente presentó una evolución satisfactoria(AU)

Stress fractures are injuries that are often related to repeated cycles of loading on a normal bone subjected to excessive mechanical stress, as well on a bone of less resistance. We report the case of a 5 year old girl with Down syndrome and consults because of her walking difficulty and a left groin pain of 3-4 days duration. In the history highlights the tendency of the girl to make repetitive jumps in monopodal support on the left lower extremity. Radiographic examination revealed a stress fracture of the left femoral neck. After conservative treatment the patient had a satisfactory outcome(AU)

In vivo osteointegration of three-dimensional crosslinked gelatin-coated hydroxyapatite foams.

The main requirement of bone regenerative scaffolds is to enhance the chemical reactions leading to the formation of new bone while providing a proper surface for tissue in-growth as well as a suitable degradation rate. Calcium phosphate ceramics are conformed by different shaping methods. One requirement is to design implants and scaffolds with suitable shapes and sizes, but also with interconnected porosity to ensure bone oxygenation and angiogenesis. In this work we present the in vivo performance of hierarchically arranged glutaraldehyde crosslinked, gelatin-coated nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HABP) scaffolds (1-400 µm), with high potential as bone regenerators and excellent osteointegration performance, as well as an appropriate bioresorption rate. 6×10 mm bone defects were made in the lateral aspect of both distal femoral epiphysis of 15 mature (9 months old) male New Zealand rabbits. The bone defect in the left femur was then filled by using HABP foam cylinders, allowing the surgeon to carve the appropriate shape for a particular bone defect with high stability intra-operatively. The foam becomes swollen with body fluid and fills the cavity, ensuring good fixation without the need for a cement. Histological and radiographical studies after 4 months implantation showed healing of all treated bone defects, with bone integration of the HABP foam cylinders and bone conduction over the surface. This in vivo behaviour offers promising results as a scaffold for clinical applications, mainly in orthopaedics and dentistry.

Condromatosis sinovial de cadera en un niño con síndrome de Down / Synovial chondromatosis of the hip in a child with down syndrome

La condromatosis sinovial de la cadera es una patologíapoco frecuente, generalmente benigna que se caracterizapor múltiples cuerpos libres intraarticulares.Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 14 añoscon síndrome Down, afecto de condromatosis sinovialsintomática de cadera, intervenido mediante artrotomíacon control radiológico intraoperatorio para confirmarla exéresis de todos los cuerpos libres.Se revisa la bibliografía sobre las opciones terapéuticas,y los puntos más controvertidos de esta patología (AU)

Synovial chondromatosis of the hip is a rare benigncondition characterized by multiple intraarticular loosebodies. We report the case of a fourteen-year-old childwith Down syndrome who suffered symptomatic synovialchondromatosis of the hip, treated by means ofarthrotomy and intraoperative radiological assessmentto confirm the removal of all loose bodies.The literature about treatment options is reviewed,and controversial points of this condition are discussed (AU)

Desarrollo experimental de nuevos materiales biodegradables para la reparación ósea. Implantación subcutánea en conejos / Experimental development of new biodegradable materials for bone repair. Subcutaneous implantation in rabbits

La búsqueda y desarrollo de nuevos materiales capaces de sustituir al hueso es una de las prioridades en el tratamiento de defectos óseos de diferente etiología. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la implantación subcutánea en conejos de implantes biodegradables, con la finalidad de valorar su tolerancia tisular, la potencial toxicidad derivada de los mismos o de sus productos de degradación, y los efectos de la implantación in vivo sobre sus propiedades mecánicas (AU)

El quiste óseo esencial en la infancia. Estudio retrospectivo de 15 casos y revisión de la literatura / Simple bone cyst in childhood. Retrospective study of 15 cases and review of literature

Se presenta una revisión de 15 años de quistes óseos esenciales tratados mediante curetaje más injerto, o infiltración intralesional de corticoides. Se ha analizado la localización, la actividad del quiste, el número de cavidades y el área ocupante valorando los resultados mediante la clasificación de Neer y Chigira. Se han objetivado un mayor índice de curación mediante el curetaje y relleno de injerto respecto a la infiltración con corticoides (p: 0,01). La actividad del quiste, la unimultilocularidad y el área se encuentran relacionadas con un mayor índice de recidiva y de no respuesta en los casos tratados con infiltración de corticoides, aunque en los tets estadísticos no tenga significancia (AU)

[Simple bone cysts in childhood. Retrospective study of 15 cases and review of literature]. / El quiste óseo esencial en la infancia. Estudio retrospectivo de 15 casos y revisión de la literatura.

We present a review of 15 cases of simple bone cyst treated by curettage and bone grafting or intralesional steroids injection. We analysed the localisation, cyst activity, the number of cavities and the occupied area, valuing the results according to the Neer and Chigira classification. We have noticed a higher rate' of cure with curettage and bone grafting than with steroids injection (p: 0.01). The activity of the cyst, the uni-multilocutarity and the area related to a greater index of recurrence and failure in the cases treated by steroids injection, although this is statistically non significant.

Modelo experimental de hemiepifisiodesis con polímeros reabsorbibles / An experimental model for hemiepiphysiodesis by using absorbable polymers

Se propone un modelo experimental para el frenado fisario asimétrico de la fisis femoral distal. Para ello se utilizó un montaje triangular compuesto de tres tornillos metálicos enlazados mediante un filamento de PDS II, emplazado en la cara lateral del tercio distal del fémur izquierdo en el conejo esqueléticamente inmaduro. La extremidad derecha sirvió como control. Se utilizaron 12 conejos de 12 semanas de edad, divididos en tres grupos con un seguimiento postoperatorio de uno, dos y tres meses respectivamente. Se practicó un estudio radiográfico seriado estandarizado, midiéndose la desviación en valgo obtenida en las extremidades intervenidas respecto a los controles.Se comprobó la eficacia del modelo para lograr el frenado fisario asimétrico. Dicho modelo permitiría la comparaqción experimental de otros materiales en la cirugía del cartílago de crecimiento (AU)

Results in displaced radial neck fractures in children. Metaizeau technique versus arthrotomy.

The aim of the present article is to ascertain the differences between two surgical treatments commonly used in displaced radial neck fractures in children. We report the retrospective results of 20 displaced radial neck fractures with > 30 degrees of tilt (Judet grades 3-4) in children aged between 7 and 14 years treated with closed intramedullary pinning according to the Metaizeau technique (6 cases) or with arthrotomy and pinning (14 cases). Sex distribution was 14 girls and 6 boy. The average follow-up was 43 months. We found no relationship between delay in the surgical treatment and functional results. On the other hand, a relationship between residual final tilt and poorer functional results appears. The Metaizeau technique produced better results and fewer complications than arthrotomy and pinning, and, in our opinion, is the treatment of choice in this type of fracture.

[A case of multiple malignant schwannoma as the only disease in a 40-year-old patient: is this a new type of neurofibromatosis?]. / A propósito de un caso de schwannoma maligno múltiple como única patología en un paciente de 40 años: un nuevo tipo de neurofibromatosis?

We present the case of a 40-year-old man that presented a fast growing tumour on the external side of the left elbow. The tumour was extirpated by means of marginal exerectomy. The microscopic study corresponded to epithelioid malignant schwannoma, and the patient received radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. During the following years two local recidives and two new malignant schwannomas, one in the left sciatic common trunk and another paraspinal one, appeared and were extirpated. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were again administered. In the last year, four new tumours have appeared: in the supraclavicular space, right posterior costofrenic, left costovertebral, and in the inferior abdominal wall, none of them has been extirpated or has hystologic diagnosis at the moment, however radiologic findings suggest malignant schwannomas. In this moment there is no neurologic deficiency except for the secondary ones to surgical procedures, and no neurofibromatosis types I to VII signs have been observed. So, the possibility of a new neurofibromatosis type is appointed.

Tenosynovial chondromatosis of the third finger.

Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon lesion, characterised by cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia of the joint synovium. It usually involves a large joint and rarely occurs in the hand. A case of tenosynovial chondromatosis of the third finger is reported.

A propósito de un caso de schwannoma maligno múltiple como única patología en un paciente de 40 años: ¿un nuevo tipo de neurofibromatosis? / A case of multiple malignant schwannoma as the only disease in a 40-year-old patient: is this a new type of neurofibromatosis?

Se describe el caso de un paciente de 40 años de edad cuya clínica comenzó con la aparición de una tumoración en el codo izquierdo. Se realizó exéresis quirúrgica, siendo el diagnóstico anatomopatológico de "schwannoma maligno", por lo que se aplicó radioterapia local y quimioterapia. Durante los años siguientes aparecieron, y se extirparon, dos recidivas locales y dos nuevos schwannomas malignos uno en el nervio ciático izquierdo y otro paravertebral derecho, que también fueron tratados con radioterapia y quimioterapia. Últimamente han aparecido cuatro tumoraciones más: en zona supraclavicular derecha, seno costofrénico posterior derecho, costovertebral izquierdo y en la pared abdominal inferior derecha, aún no operados y sin que se haya realizado el diagnóstico anatomopatológico, pero con aspecto radiológico de schwannomas. Actualmente, el paciente, que ya tiene 46 años, se encuentra en buen estado general, no presenta defectos funcionales ajenos a las intervenciones quirúrgicas y, en especial, no se han observado estigmas de neurofibromatosis tipo I a tipo VII. Por todo ello se plantea la posibilidad de que se trate de un nuevo tipo de neurofibromatosis no descrito anteriormente (AU)

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Absorbable screws through the greater trochanter do not disturb physeal growth: rabbit experiments.

We studied the effect of implantation of self-reinforced polyglycolic acid (SR-PGA) screws through the greater trochanter in rabbits. 15 rabbits aged 10 weeks had an SR-PGA screw inserted through the left trochanter physis. A similar drilling was made through the right greater trochanter without screw implantation. The animals were assigned to 3 groups of 5, and were killed after 1, 2 or 3 months. Radiographs of both femurs were obtained monthly and the articulo-trochanteric distance and the neck-shaft angle were measured. After killing the animals, a histological study was performed. The drilling on the right trochanter generated a bony bridge in all the animals. The SR-PGA screws did not give rise to an epiphysiodesis. The progressive peripheral degradation of the implants gave rise to the formation of only modest bridges, which were smaller in size than those observed in the control trochanter. Our findings suggest that absorbable PGA screws implanted through a growth plate cause only minor bone formation and no epiphyseodesis.

Soft tissue behavior during limb lengthening: an experimental study in lambs.

The effect of femoral elongation on skeletal muscle, nerves, and vessels was studied. Three groups of five lambs were used. After the intervention, the animals were killed at 2, 3, and 4 months. A left femoral elongation of 6 cm was practiced on all of them by means of callotasis, with a distraction rate of 0.5 mm every 12 hours. The femoral elongation process was evaluated by monthly x-ray films. The nucleic acid and protein levels in the muscular tissue were quantified at the level of the elongation focus and in the control extremity. The motor conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was measured in both posterior limbs before the intervention and immediately before the lambs were killed. The arterial blood flow of both subsequent extremities was measured at the moment of death. A histological study of quadriceps muscle, sciatic nerves, artery, and subsequent femoral vein were examined histologically at the level of the elongation focus of both extremities. After elongation, no significant differences were observed in the muscle protein and nucleic acid levels with respect to the control extremity. No significant changes of the nerve conduction velocity were observed in any animal among the different groups. The arterial blood flow of the elongated extremity showed a progressive increase, reaching its maximum value 1 month after the distraction had terminated, with subsequent normalization. This increase of the blood flow was also observed in the control extremity, suggesting a possible systemic effect. The histological study revealed a comparative thickening of the endomysium and perimysium in the elongated muscle tissue, present at the end of the distraction and which was later normalized. No histological changes of the nerve stems undergoing distraction were observed either. During elongation, the arteries showed minimal histological changes. On the other hand, the veins showed areas of endothelial damage accompanied by thrombosis phenomena, especially at the end of the distraction period. The vascular morphology presented progressive normalization after the distraction phase.

Delayed distraction in bone lengthening. Improved healing in lambs.

We compared delayed distraction (DD) with immediate distraction (ID) in bone-lengthening. Open femoral diaphyseal osteotomy was performed on 24 three-month-old lambs, and external distractor fixators were applied. In the ID group (n 12), distraction commenced on the first postoperative day; in the DD group (n 12), distraction was delayed until the tenth day after surgery. In all the animals, the femur was lengthened by 2 cm at the rate of 1 mm/day. The animals were killed 1, 2, and 3 months postoperatively. Radiography and densitometry of the lengthened callus showed that DD, compared with ID, improved the quality of the callus with quicker, denser, and more homogeneous bone formation.

Lymphocyte response to polymethylmethacrylate in loose total hip prostheses.

We investigated the lymphocyte-mediated immune response to polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in 26 patients who had revision surgery for aseptic loosening of cemented total hip arthroplasties, at a mean time of seven years after the first replacement. We studied eight patients with cemented total hip arthroplasties which were not loose as controls. Patch tests to polymethylmethacrylate bone cement were positive in 13 patients with loosening, and these patients had higher lymphoblast transformation values against polymethylmethacrylate bone cement patients with a negative skin reaction (p < 0.01) or those in the control group (p < 0.001). Specific monoclonal antibodies were used to assess the percentage of certain cells of the immune system according to their cluster of differentiation (CD). There was a higher number of total T and B lymphocytes (CD2 and CD22) and interleukin-2 receptor-positive lymphocytes (activated cells, CD25) in patients with loose prostheses. More CD25 lymphocytes were found in patients with positive patch tests. The activation of the lymphocyte-mediated immune response was not related to the presence or absence of aggressive granulomatous lesions at the cement-bone interface.